Μέχρι πρότινος θεωρούνταν αραβικά τα
γράμματα που ήταν σχετικά συνδεδεμένα μεταξύ τους. Κάποιες προϊσλαμικές
επιγραφές:
επιγραφες του Raqush
(Jaussen-Savignac 17): Les plus anciennes inscriptions Arabes Préislamiques (χρονολογία:
έτος 267). Οι Healey & Smith θεωρούν αυτή την
επιγραφή ως την παλαιότερη[1].
η επιγραφή του Jabal Ramm
είναι του 4ου αιώνα
μ.Χ., και για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα, αυτή θεωρείτο η πιο παλιά
επιγραφή, μέχρι την ανακάλυψη της προηγούμενης. Η γλώσσα εδώ φαίνεται να
διέπεται από την κλασική αραβική γραμματική, άρα υπήρχε σαφώς ήδη αραβική
γλώσσα[2], όπως και η επόμενη.
Ο René Dussaud, La pénétration des
arabes en Syrie avant l'islam
αφιερώνει σχόλια στην επιγραφή αυτή της Νεμάρα. Χρονολογημένη μάλλον το έτος
328, επιτάφια πλάκα, μεταφράζεται ως εξής: "αυτό είναι ο τάφος του Amroulquais, υιού του 'Amr, βασιλιά όλων των Αράβων, που στέφθηκε με στέμα, (...)". πρόκειται
ενδεχομένως για μια αποδεκτή από τους περισσότερους απόδειξη ότι οι Άραβες
χρησιμοποιούσαν την ναβατηνή γραφή.
Early Arabic inscription from Umm al-Jimal, North Jordan, probably from the 5th century. (Safadi, Islamic Calligraphy, London, 1987, p. 6.)
επιγραφή του Harran, έτος 568,
δίγλωσση επιγραφή, ελληνικά-αραβικά[4].
Διασώθηκαν επίσης και κάποιες επιγραφές της ισλαμικής
εποχής πριν το θάνατο του Μωάμεθ[5],
κοντά στη Μεδίνα.
Σχετικά με την παρουσία των επιγραφών στην Εγγύς Ανατολή:
Σχετικά με την παρουσία των επιγραφών στην Εγγύς Ανατολή:
Βιβλιογραφία. Ναβαταϊκές επιγραφές
E.
Littman & D. Meredith, "Nabataean Inscriptions From Egypt",
Bulletin Of The School Of Oriental And African Studies, 1953, Volume 15, pp.
1-28; E. Littmann & D. Meredith, "Nabataean Inscriptions From Egypt -
II", Bulletin Of The School of Oriental And African Studies, 1954, Volume
16, pp. 211-246; F. Zayadine, "The Pantheon Of The Nabataean Inscriptions
In Egypt And The Sinai", Aram, 1990, Volume 2, No. 1 & 2, pp. 151-174;
L. Nehmé, "Cinq Graffiti Nabatéens Du Sinaï", Semitica, 2000, Volume
50, pp. 69-80.
A good description of the Nabataean inscriptions in Negev region is in A. Negev, Nabatean Archaeology Today, 1986, New York University Press: New York and London; For the inscriptions in Mada'in Salih see J. F. Healey (ed. and trans.) and S. al-Theeb, The Nabataean Tomb Inscriptions Of Mada'in Salih, 1993, Journal Of Semitic Studies Supplement I, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the University of Manchester; A good overall view of the Nabataean inscriptions is in J. F. Healey, The Religion Of Nabataeans: A Conspectus, 2001, Brill: Leiden; Also see "Nabataean Inscriptions", in E. Littmann, Semitic Inscriptions: Part IV Of The Publications Of An American Archaeological Expedition To Syria In 1899-1900, 1904, The Century Co.: New York, pp. 85-95; For the inscriptions near Tabuk in Saudi Arabia, see Solaiman Abdal Rahman al-Theeb, Aramaic And Nabataean Inscriptions From North-West Saudi Arabia, 1993, King Fahd National Library, pp. 68-200 for Nabataean inscriptions. These inscriptions were found near Tabuk at Jabal Qa‘ Abu Murr, Jabal Abu Makhruq, Jabal Sarbut Thulaytha and al-Herra.
The Syriac inscriptions:
The best place to start for the pre- and post-Islamic Syriac inscriptions is Sebastian P. Brock's "Syriac Inscriptions: A Preliminary Checklist Of European Publications", Annali: Istituto Orientale di Napoli (New Series), 1978, Volume 38, pp. 255-71.Brock's list was further expanded by Desreumaux. See A. J. P. Desreumaux, "Pour une Bibliographie sur l'épigraphie Syriaque", Annali: Istituto Orientale di Napoli (New Series), 1980, Volume 40, pp. 704-708.
Sebastian Brock's classified bibliography of Syriac studies was also used to plot the pre-Islamic Syriac inscription data. This classified bibliography is updated every few years. See S. P. Brock, "Syriac Studies 1960-1970: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 1973, Volume 4, pp. 426-427; S. P. Brock. "Syriac Studies 1971-1980: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 1981-1982, Volume 10, pp. 348-350; S. P. Brock, "Syriac Studies 1981-1985: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 1987, Volume 14, pp. 321-322; S. P. Brock, "Syriac Studies 1986-1990: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 1992, Volume 17, pp. 257-258; S. P. Brock, "Syriac Studies 1991-1995: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 1998, Volume 23, pp. 297-300; S. P. Brock, "Syriac Studies 1996-2000: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 2004, Volume 29, pp. 337-338.
Enno Littmann has done a decent survey of Syriac inscriptions in the Northern Syria. See "Syriac Inscriptions From Northern Central Syria, Palmyra And The Region Of The Haurân", in E. Littmann, Semitic Inscriptions: Part IV Of The Publications Of An American Archaeological Expedition To Syria In 1899-1900, 1904, The Century Co.: New York, pp. 3-56; E. Littmann, Semitic Inscriptions: Syriac Inscriptions, 1934, E. J. Brill Publishers and Printers: Leyden; For another decent survey of Syriac inscriptions see H. Pognon, Inscriptions Sémitiques De La Syrie, De La Mésopotamie Et De La Région De Mossoul, 1907, Imprimerie Nationale: Paris. For early Syriac inscriptions see No. 2-12, 19-21, 36-39, 44-50, 81-82, 118.
A a good compilation of the pre-Islamic Syriac inscriptions is done by H. J. W. Drijvers (ed.), Old Syriac (Edessean) Inscriptions, 1972, Semitic Studies Series, E. J. Brill: Leiden. It was further expanded by H. J. W. Drijvers & J. F. Healey, The Old Syriac Inscriptions Of Edessa And Osrhoene, 1999, Brill: Leiden. Most of the inscriptions mentioned here, as the name suggests, are from Edessa and nearby places.
For more pre-Islamic Syriac inscriptions in Edessa and other areas including the Fertile Crescent, see the following: C. C. Torrey, "The Semitic Inscriptions" in P. V. C. Baur, M. I. Rostovtzeff & A. R. Bellinger (eds.), The Excavations At Dura-Europos Conducted By Yale University And The French Academy Of Inscriptions And Letters: Preliminary Report Of Third Season Of Work, 1932, Yale University Press: New Haven & Oxford University Press, pp. 66-71; C. C. Torrey, "Semitic Inscriptions" in P. V. C. Baur, M. I. Rostovtzeff & A. R. Bellinger (eds.), The Excavations At Dura-Europos Conducted By Yale University And The French Academy Of Inscriptions And Letters: Preliminary Report Of Fourth Season Of Work, 1933, Yale University Press: New Haven & Oxford University Press, pp. 178-181; J. B. Segal, "Pagan Syriac Monuments In The Vilayet Of Urfa", Anatolian Studies, 1953, Volume III, pp. 97-119; J. B. Segal, "Some Syriac Inscriptions Of The 2nd-3rd Century A.D.", Bulletin Of The School of Oriental And African Studies, 1954, Volume 16, pp. 13-35; J. B. Segal, "Two Syriac Inscriptions From Harran", Bulletin Of The School of Oriental And African Studies, 1957, Volume 20, pp. 512-522; J. B. Segal, "New Syriac Inscriptions From Edessa", Bulletin Of The School of Oriental And African Studies, 1959, Volume 22, pp. 23-40; J. B. Segal, "Four Syriac Inscriptions", Bulletin Of The School Of Oriental And African Studies, 1967, Volume 30, pp. 293-304; J. B. Segal, Edessa 'The Blessed City', 1970, Oxford At The Clarendon Press, pp. 22-36; H. J. W. Drijvers, "New Syriac Inscriptions", Aram, 1993, Volume 5, pp. 147-161; J. B. Chabot, "Inscriptions Syriaques De Bennaouï", Syria, 1929, Volume 10, pp.252-256; P. R. Mouterde, "Inscriptions Grecques De Souweida Et De ‘Ahiré", Mélanges De L'Université Saint-Joseph, 1932, Volume 16, pp. 102-108; P. Mouterde, "Inscription Syriaque Du Gebel Bil‘ās", Mélanges De L'Université Saint-Joseph, 1932, Volume 16, pp. 83-86; B. Aggoula, "Studia Aramaica III", Syria, 1992, Volume 69, pp. 400-417; A. Abou Assaf, "Inscription Syrique - Au Musée De Ma'aret al-No'man", Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes, 1990, Volume 40, pp. 161-162. This inscription was discussed by A. Harrak, "Notes On Syriac Inscriptions I: The Inscription Of Ma‘ar Zaytā (Syriac)", Orientalia (New Series), 1995, Volume 64, pp. 110-119. The author inclines towards a 6th century dating; M. Moussli, "Syrische Inschriften Aus Hadata (Al-Hadath)", Altorientalische Forschungen, 1984, Volume 11, No. 2, pp. 371-373; A. Abu ‘Assaf & F. Briquel-Chatonnet, "Un Autel A Encens Avec Inscription Syriaque Au Musée De Raqqa (Syrie)", Semitica, 1991-1992, Volume 41-42, pp. 183-193; A. Palmer, "A Corpus Of Inscriptions From Tur ‘Abdīn And Environs", Oriens Christianus, 1987, Volume 71, pp. 57-59; A. Desreumaux & P. -L. Gatier, "Inscription Bilingue Grecque Et Syriaque D'Une Mosaïque Paléochrétienne", Semitica, 1991-1992, Volume 41-42, pp. 173-181; E. C. D. Hunter, "An Inscribed Reliquary From The Middle Euphrates", Oriens Christianus, 1991, Volume 75, pp. 147-165; J. Jarry, "Inscriptions Arabes, Syriaques Et Grecques Du Massif Du Bélus En Syrie Du Nord", Annales Islamologiques, 1968, Volume 7, pp. 141-158. The inscription found in Sekizlar is dated (pp. 157-158); J. Jarry, "Nouvelles Inscriptions Sémitiques De Syrie", Annales Islamologiques, 1985, Volume 21, pp. 1-7. The inscription found at Jabal Seis (or Jabal Usays) is dated (p. 6); H. J. W. Drijvers, "Syrische Inscripties Uit De Eerste Drie Eeuwen A.D.", Phoenix, 1969, Volume 15, No. 1, pp. 197-205; K. Parlasca, "Das Mosaik Vom Mas'udije Aus Dem Jahre 228/29 n. Chr.", Damaszener Mitteilungen, pp. 263-267. Plates 60-61; P. Donceel-Voûte, Les Pavements Des Églises Byzantines De Syria Et Du Liban: Décor, Archéologie Et Liturgie, 1988, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgique & Départment D'Archéologie Et D' Histoire De L'Art College Érasme, pp. 147-149. The inscription is in Halaoua in Syria.
There are a few pre-Islamic Syriac inscriptions of unknown provenance or uncertain date that are not included in the map. They are: R. C. Steiner, "A Syriac Church Inscription From 504 CE", Journal Of Semitic Studies, 1990, Volume 35, pp. 99-108. This inscription is most likely from Edessa. There are inscriptions in four inscriptions in the National Museum in Damascus, Syria, from 5th and 6th centuries. They were published by A. Abu ‘Assaf, "Kitābāt Suryāni Zadīdah Fi-l-Muthaf al-Watnī bi-Dimashq", Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes, 1972, Volume 22, No. 1 and 2, pp. 135-144. There provenance is unknown. An inscription from uncertain date due to lacuna is from Deir Makr and was published by J. Naveh, "Syriac Miscellanea", ‘Atiqot, 1976, Volume 11, pp. 102-104; St. J. Simpson, "A Note On Qasr Serij", Iraq, 1994, Volume 56, pp. 149-151. Provenance known but no date available; H. Salame-Sarkis, "Syria Grammata Kai Agalmata", Syria, 1989, Volume 66, pp. 313-319. Here the date is early 7th century but the exact provenance is not known. It is most likely from the Antioch region; E. Puech, "Une Inscription Syriaque Sur Mosaïaque", Liber Annuss, 1988, Volume 38, pp. 267-270. Date known but provenance unknown; M. Halloun, "Two Syriac Inscriptions", Liber Annuss, 1988, Volume 38, pp. 271-275. Date known but provenance unknown. It is perhaps from Edessa region; F. Briquel-Chatonnet, "Une Inscription Syriaque Sur Mosaïaque De La Région De L'Euphrate", Semitica, 1996, Volume 46, p. 146-153. The inscription is present in Deir al-Zor Museum in Syria. Its date is known but its provenance is not; E. C. Dodd, "The Monastery Of Mar Musa Al-Habashi Near Nebek Syria", Arte Medievale, 1992, Volume 6 (II), No. 1, pp. 61-67 for discussion. The Syriac inscriptions in this monastery were discussed by J. C. McCullough, "Appendix I: Syriac Inscriptions", pp. 133-135. Provenance is known but the dating is not known due to small size of fragments of the inscriptions.
For Arabic inscriptions: Click here for complete listing.
A good description of the Nabataean inscriptions in Negev region is in A. Negev, Nabatean Archaeology Today, 1986, New York University Press: New York and London; For the inscriptions in Mada'in Salih see J. F. Healey (ed. and trans.) and S. al-Theeb, The Nabataean Tomb Inscriptions Of Mada'in Salih, 1993, Journal Of Semitic Studies Supplement I, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the University of Manchester; A good overall view of the Nabataean inscriptions is in J. F. Healey, The Religion Of Nabataeans: A Conspectus, 2001, Brill: Leiden; Also see "Nabataean Inscriptions", in E. Littmann, Semitic Inscriptions: Part IV Of The Publications Of An American Archaeological Expedition To Syria In 1899-1900, 1904, The Century Co.: New York, pp. 85-95; For the inscriptions near Tabuk in Saudi Arabia, see Solaiman Abdal Rahman al-Theeb, Aramaic And Nabataean Inscriptions From North-West Saudi Arabia, 1993, King Fahd National Library, pp. 68-200 for Nabataean inscriptions. These inscriptions were found near Tabuk at Jabal Qa‘ Abu Murr, Jabal Abu Makhruq, Jabal Sarbut Thulaytha and al-Herra.
The Syriac inscriptions:
The best place to start for the pre- and post-Islamic Syriac inscriptions is Sebastian P. Brock's "Syriac Inscriptions: A Preliminary Checklist Of European Publications", Annali: Istituto Orientale di Napoli (New Series), 1978, Volume 38, pp. 255-71.Brock's list was further expanded by Desreumaux. See A. J. P. Desreumaux, "Pour une Bibliographie sur l'épigraphie Syriaque", Annali: Istituto Orientale di Napoli (New Series), 1980, Volume 40, pp. 704-708.
Sebastian Brock's classified bibliography of Syriac studies was also used to plot the pre-Islamic Syriac inscription data. This classified bibliography is updated every few years. See S. P. Brock, "Syriac Studies 1960-1970: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 1973, Volume 4, pp. 426-427; S. P. Brock. "Syriac Studies 1971-1980: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 1981-1982, Volume 10, pp. 348-350; S. P. Brock, "Syriac Studies 1981-1985: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 1987, Volume 14, pp. 321-322; S. P. Brock, "Syriac Studies 1986-1990: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 1992, Volume 17, pp. 257-258; S. P. Brock, "Syriac Studies 1991-1995: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 1998, Volume 23, pp. 297-300; S. P. Brock, "Syriac Studies 1996-2000: A Classified Bibliography", Parole De l'Orient, 2004, Volume 29, pp. 337-338.
Enno Littmann has done a decent survey of Syriac inscriptions in the Northern Syria. See "Syriac Inscriptions From Northern Central Syria, Palmyra And The Region Of The Haurân", in E. Littmann, Semitic Inscriptions: Part IV Of The Publications Of An American Archaeological Expedition To Syria In 1899-1900, 1904, The Century Co.: New York, pp. 3-56; E. Littmann, Semitic Inscriptions: Syriac Inscriptions, 1934, E. J. Brill Publishers and Printers: Leyden; For another decent survey of Syriac inscriptions see H. Pognon, Inscriptions Sémitiques De La Syrie, De La Mésopotamie Et De La Région De Mossoul, 1907, Imprimerie Nationale: Paris. For early Syriac inscriptions see No. 2-12, 19-21, 36-39, 44-50, 81-82, 118.
A a good compilation of the pre-Islamic Syriac inscriptions is done by H. J. W. Drijvers (ed.), Old Syriac (Edessean) Inscriptions, 1972, Semitic Studies Series, E. J. Brill: Leiden. It was further expanded by H. J. W. Drijvers & J. F. Healey, The Old Syriac Inscriptions Of Edessa And Osrhoene, 1999, Brill: Leiden. Most of the inscriptions mentioned here, as the name suggests, are from Edessa and nearby places.
For more pre-Islamic Syriac inscriptions in Edessa and other areas including the Fertile Crescent, see the following: C. C. Torrey, "The Semitic Inscriptions" in P. V. C. Baur, M. I. Rostovtzeff & A. R. Bellinger (eds.), The Excavations At Dura-Europos Conducted By Yale University And The French Academy Of Inscriptions And Letters: Preliminary Report Of Third Season Of Work, 1932, Yale University Press: New Haven & Oxford University Press, pp. 66-71; C. C. Torrey, "Semitic Inscriptions" in P. V. C. Baur, M. I. Rostovtzeff & A. R. Bellinger (eds.), The Excavations At Dura-Europos Conducted By Yale University And The French Academy Of Inscriptions And Letters: Preliminary Report Of Fourth Season Of Work, 1933, Yale University Press: New Haven & Oxford University Press, pp. 178-181; J. B. Segal, "Pagan Syriac Monuments In The Vilayet Of Urfa", Anatolian Studies, 1953, Volume III, pp. 97-119; J. B. Segal, "Some Syriac Inscriptions Of The 2nd-3rd Century A.D.", Bulletin Of The School of Oriental And African Studies, 1954, Volume 16, pp. 13-35; J. B. Segal, "Two Syriac Inscriptions From Harran", Bulletin Of The School of Oriental And African Studies, 1957, Volume 20, pp. 512-522; J. B. Segal, "New Syriac Inscriptions From Edessa", Bulletin Of The School of Oriental And African Studies, 1959, Volume 22, pp. 23-40; J. B. Segal, "Four Syriac Inscriptions", Bulletin Of The School Of Oriental And African Studies, 1967, Volume 30, pp. 293-304; J. B. Segal, Edessa 'The Blessed City', 1970, Oxford At The Clarendon Press, pp. 22-36; H. J. W. Drijvers, "New Syriac Inscriptions", Aram, 1993, Volume 5, pp. 147-161; J. B. Chabot, "Inscriptions Syriaques De Bennaouï", Syria, 1929, Volume 10, pp.252-256; P. R. Mouterde, "Inscriptions Grecques De Souweida Et De ‘Ahiré", Mélanges De L'Université Saint-Joseph, 1932, Volume 16, pp. 102-108; P. Mouterde, "Inscription Syriaque Du Gebel Bil‘ās", Mélanges De L'Université Saint-Joseph, 1932, Volume 16, pp. 83-86; B. Aggoula, "Studia Aramaica III", Syria, 1992, Volume 69, pp. 400-417; A. Abou Assaf, "Inscription Syrique - Au Musée De Ma'aret al-No'man", Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes, 1990, Volume 40, pp. 161-162. This inscription was discussed by A. Harrak, "Notes On Syriac Inscriptions I: The Inscription Of Ma‘ar Zaytā (Syriac)", Orientalia (New Series), 1995, Volume 64, pp. 110-119. The author inclines towards a 6th century dating; M. Moussli, "Syrische Inschriften Aus Hadata (Al-Hadath)", Altorientalische Forschungen, 1984, Volume 11, No. 2, pp. 371-373; A. Abu ‘Assaf & F. Briquel-Chatonnet, "Un Autel A Encens Avec Inscription Syriaque Au Musée De Raqqa (Syrie)", Semitica, 1991-1992, Volume 41-42, pp. 183-193; A. Palmer, "A Corpus Of Inscriptions From Tur ‘Abdīn And Environs", Oriens Christianus, 1987, Volume 71, pp. 57-59; A. Desreumaux & P. -L. Gatier, "Inscription Bilingue Grecque Et Syriaque D'Une Mosaïque Paléochrétienne", Semitica, 1991-1992, Volume 41-42, pp. 173-181; E. C. D. Hunter, "An Inscribed Reliquary From The Middle Euphrates", Oriens Christianus, 1991, Volume 75, pp. 147-165; J. Jarry, "Inscriptions Arabes, Syriaques Et Grecques Du Massif Du Bélus En Syrie Du Nord", Annales Islamologiques, 1968, Volume 7, pp. 141-158. The inscription found in Sekizlar is dated (pp. 157-158); J. Jarry, "Nouvelles Inscriptions Sémitiques De Syrie", Annales Islamologiques, 1985, Volume 21, pp. 1-7. The inscription found at Jabal Seis (or Jabal Usays) is dated (p. 6); H. J. W. Drijvers, "Syrische Inscripties Uit De Eerste Drie Eeuwen A.D.", Phoenix, 1969, Volume 15, No. 1, pp. 197-205; K. Parlasca, "Das Mosaik Vom Mas'udije Aus Dem Jahre 228/29 n. Chr.", Damaszener Mitteilungen, pp. 263-267. Plates 60-61; P. Donceel-Voûte, Les Pavements Des Églises Byzantines De Syria Et Du Liban: Décor, Archéologie Et Liturgie, 1988, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgique & Départment D'Archéologie Et D' Histoire De L'Art College Érasme, pp. 147-149. The inscription is in Halaoua in Syria.
There are a few pre-Islamic Syriac inscriptions of unknown provenance or uncertain date that are not included in the map. They are: R. C. Steiner, "A Syriac Church Inscription From 504 CE", Journal Of Semitic Studies, 1990, Volume 35, pp. 99-108. This inscription is most likely from Edessa. There are inscriptions in four inscriptions in the National Museum in Damascus, Syria, from 5th and 6th centuries. They were published by A. Abu ‘Assaf, "Kitābāt Suryāni Zadīdah Fi-l-Muthaf al-Watnī bi-Dimashq", Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes, 1972, Volume 22, No. 1 and 2, pp. 135-144. There provenance is unknown. An inscription from uncertain date due to lacuna is from Deir Makr and was published by J. Naveh, "Syriac Miscellanea", ‘Atiqot, 1976, Volume 11, pp. 102-104; St. J. Simpson, "A Note On Qasr Serij", Iraq, 1994, Volume 56, pp. 149-151. Provenance known but no date available; H. Salame-Sarkis, "Syria Grammata Kai Agalmata", Syria, 1989, Volume 66, pp. 313-319. Here the date is early 7th century but the exact provenance is not known. It is most likely from the Antioch region; E. Puech, "Une Inscription Syriaque Sur Mosaïaque", Liber Annuss, 1988, Volume 38, pp. 267-270. Date known but provenance unknown; M. Halloun, "Two Syriac Inscriptions", Liber Annuss, 1988, Volume 38, pp. 271-275. Date known but provenance unknown. It is perhaps from Edessa region; F. Briquel-Chatonnet, "Une Inscription Syriaque Sur Mosaïaque De La Région De L'Euphrate", Semitica, 1996, Volume 46, p. 146-153. The inscription is present in Deir al-Zor Museum in Syria. Its date is known but its provenance is not; E. C. Dodd, "The Monastery Of Mar Musa Al-Habashi Near Nebek Syria", Arte Medievale, 1992, Volume 6 (II), No. 1, pp. 61-67 for discussion. The Syriac inscriptions in this monastery were discussed by J. C. McCullough, "Appendix I: Syriac Inscriptions", pp. 133-135. Provenance is known but the dating is not known due to small size of fragments of the inscriptions.
For Arabic inscriptions: Click here for complete listing.
στο χάρτη φαίνεται η χρήση των συριακών προϊσλαμικά,
ναβαταϊκών και αραβικών επιγραφών. Λείπουν βέβαια οι
ελληνικές επιγραφές, κατά τα λεγόμενα των ειδικών απόλυτα πολυπληθέστερες όλων
των άλλων σ’ αυτήν την περιοχή και αυτή την εποχή.
Οι προϊσλαμικές επιγραφές επεκτείνονται από τη Zebed –κέντρο της συριακής, βόρεια, ως την Mada'in
Saleh νότια, και Abou Darag (Αίγυπτος)
δυτικά και Sakakah ανατολικά.
η ισχυρή επίδραση του ελληνικού πολιτισμού
(…). Η πόλη
της Παλμύρας και τα καραβάνια της ήταν εντελώς δίγλωσσο περιβάλλον ... Αλλά στα
χωριά και αγροτικές περιοχές της κεντρικής και νότιας Συρίας, τα ελληνικά
ζούσαν ως τοπική γλώσσα της λατρείας, ενώνοντας προσκυνητές σε κρύπτες και
ιερούς τόπους που εκτείνονται σε όλη την περιοχή. υποεκτιμημένες σε γενικές
γραμμές, οι ελληνικές επιγραφές είναι οι πιο συχνές στην ύπαιθρο της αρχαίας
Συρίας... Την παραμονή του Ισλάμ, ο Ελληνισμός συνέχισε να είναι μια ισχυρή
δύναμη. Χριστιανοί που μιλούσαν την ελληνική, δεν την αποχωρίστηκαν ποτέ, και οι
Χριστιανοί που μιλούσαν συριακά διαπίστωναν ότι δεν μπορούσαν να υπάρξουν χωρίς
την ενσωμάτωση της ελληνικής στη λογοτεχνία και τη γλώσσα τους[6]. Το 90% των επιγραφών μέχρι
των 6ο αι. είναι ελληνικές.
Οι πιο κοντές στις αραβικές
επιγραφές είναι γεωγραφικά οι ναβαταϊκές επιγραφές.
[1] F. Healey & G. R. Smith,
"Jaussen-Savignac 17 - The Earliest Dated Arabic Document (A.D.
267)", Atlal (The Journal Of Saudi Arabian Archaeology), 1989, Volume 12,
pp. 77-84. For picture see Pl. 46.
[2] . A. Bellamy, "Two Pre-Islamic
Arabic Inscriptions Revised: Jabal Ramm And Umm Al-Jimal", Journal Of The
American Oriental Society, 1988, Volume 108, pp. 369-372.
[4] P. Schroeder, "Epigraphisches
aus Syrien", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft,
1884, pp. 530-534 and Pl. I.
[5] M. Hamidullah, "Some Arabic
Inscriptions Of Medinah Of The Early Years Of Hijrah", Islamic Culture,
1939, Volume XIII, pp. 427-439. http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/membres/quinsat.htm.
[6]
« ... l'impact puissant de la culture
Grecque peut être constaté partout quelques siècles plus tard dans la province
impériale romaine de la Syrie. La ville des caravanes Palmyre était
complètement bilingue… Mais dans les villages et les régions rurales de la
Syrie centrale et méridionale, le Grec peut être de nouveau vu comme la langue
locale de vénération, unissant les adorateurs des cryptes et des lieux saints
qui s'étendent partout. Quoi
que mal estimées, en général, les inscriptions grecques sont plus fréquentes
dans la campagne de la Syrie antique que le Syriaque… A la veille de l'Islam,
l’hellénisme a continué d’être une force puissante. Les Chrétiens qui
pratiquaient le Grec, ne sont jamais parvenus à s’en séparer, et les Chrétiens
parlant le Syriaque ont découvert qu'ils ne pourraient pas exister sans
l'incorporer dans leur littérature et langue »( A. Cameron, The
Mediterranean World In Late Antiquity AD 395-600, 1993, Routledge: London, pp.
182-185; G. W. Bowersock, Hellenism In Late Antiquity, 1990, Cambridge
University Press, see especially Chapter III, pp. 29-40; Another book of
interest is Fergus Millar's The Roman Near East: 31 BC - AD 337, 1993, Harvard
University Press: Cambridge (MA).)
http://tunisdivagation.blogspot.gr/2007/07/luxenberg-et-la-prsence-aramenne-en.html
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1 σχόλιο:
δεν κατάφερα να βάλω τις εικόνες. θα το κάνω αργότερα.
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